Suku Saluan

Upacara Tumpe’

Pada Upacara Pelepasan Telur Burung Maleo

Tumpe’ Merupakan suatu rangkaian dalam upacara adat suku  Saluan (Kecamatan Batui, Kabupaten Luwuk - Sulawesi Tengah) yang ditandai dengan adanya bunyi-bunyian gong dan gendang. Tumpe’ merupakan sesuatu yang sakral bagi masyarakat suku Saluan karena Tumpe’ ini hanya diadakan pada acara-acara tertentu, misalnya: Upacara pelepasan telur burung maleo, upacara pernikahan seseorang yang berasal dari golongan bangsawan, upacara penyambutan tamu, dan upacara-upacara adat lainnya. Namun, pada pembahasan ini hanya difokuskan pada upacara pelepasan telur burung maleo.

Upacara pelepasan telur burung maleo adalah upacara adat yang merupakan tradisi nenek moyang masyarakat suku Saluan. Inti dari upacara tersebut adalah mengirimkan telur burung maleo dengan cara menghanyutkan perahu kecil yang berisi beberapa buah telur maleo kepada raja mereka yang berada di pulau Banggai. Upacara ini dilakukan ketika mereka telah memanen telur maleo dan mereka tidak akan memakan telur tersebut sebelum mereka mengirimkan kepada raja. Waktu pelaksanaannya telah disepakati dan ditentukan tanggal dan bulannya. Pelepasan telur tersebut biasanya dilakukan pada sore hari, kemudian para rombongan pengantar akan menyusul pada malam harinya. Tiga hari kemudian telur tersebut akan sampai lebih dahulu di Banggai dibandingkan rombongan.

Upacara pelepasan telur burung maleo diiringi dengan Tumpe’. Tumpe’ ditandai dengan adanya bunyi-bunyian berupa Gong dan Gendang kemudian ada beberapa pasang penari laki-laki  yang saling menghadang dan beberapa wanita yang melakukan tarian. Gong yang digunakan terbuat dari kuningan sedangkan gendangnya terbuat dari kulit sapi berbentuk bulat sebagaimana gong dan gendang pada umumnya. Namun, yang membedakannya adalah bunyi yang dihasilkan (Teng-Teng-Tung). Ketika gong dan gendang tersebut telah dibunyikan menandakan upacara Tumpe dimulai.

 Para pembawa Tumpe’ (penari, pembawa gong dan gendang) serta rombongan akan melakukan pawai dari tempat mereka berkumpul (biasanya di kantor kecamatan), sampai di tempat pelepasan telur maleo (Tanjung). Penari laki-laki menggunakan baju berwarna merah (Pakean Nu’moane), celana hitam (Koja) dan penutup kepala warna merah (Sungkup Nu’ubak). Sedangkan penari wanita menggunakan baju berwarna merah jambu (Pakean Nu’boune) dan rok panjang belang-belang berwarna merah jambu (Rok Mahantan) serta mengunakan ikat pinggang warna hitam. Adapun perhiasan yang digunakan yaitu Potto (gelang), Kalong (kalung), Sunting (anting), dan Salandoeng (selempang).

Pada saat gong dan gendang tersebut dibunyikan, beberapa pasang laki-laki akan saling menghadang, gerakan-gerakan yang mereka lakukan menggambarkan dua orang yang sedang berkelahi. Selain itu, gerakan tersebut juga bisa menggambarkan kegiatan berburu binatang. Salah seorang dari mereka memegang Sosuduk (tombak) di tangan kanan dan bajak (parang) di tangan kirinya. Sedangkan yang lain menggunakan kanta (penangkis). Adapun penari wanita hanya duduk dan meletakkan tangan di atas paha sambil membolak-balikkan tangan sesuai irama yang dihasilkan oleh gong dan gendang tersebut.

1.      Symbol

      Verbal

Mantra atau doa yang dibacakan oleh ketua adat sebelum mengirim telur maleo, akan menjadi symbol bahwa pada saat itu, telur tersebut sudah bisa dilepaskan/dihanyutkan.

      Non Verbal

Baju dan songkok berwarna merah yang digunakan oleh penari laki-laki merupakan simbol keberanian dan pantang menyerah dalam menghadapi segala sesuatu. Sedangkan celana yang berwarna hitam sebagai simbol kesetiaan atau keabadian. Baju dan rok yang berwarna pink merupakan symbol kelembutan seorang wanita.

                                                                                                      

2.      Icon

      Verbal (vokal non verbal)

Teng-Teng-Tung merupakan peniruan bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh gong dan gendang (Tumpe’).

      Non Verbal

-          Parang dan tombak yang digunakan serta gerakan-gerakan para penari pria bisa menjadi icon non verbal yang menggambarkan suasana perang antar suku atau perlawanan terhadap musuh yang mengganggu pada saat berburu. Gerakan tersebut hanya dilakukan oleh laki-laki, ini menandakan bahwa pada masyarakat suku Saluan laki-laki yang berkeajiban untuk memberikan perlindungan serta menghidupi keluarganya.

-          Penari wanita yang hanya duduk sambil membolak-balikkan tangan, menggambarkan bahwa ruang gerak wanita sangat terbatas yaitu hanya tinggal di rumah sambil menunggu suami/ayah/kakak yang membawa hasil buruan untuk kemudian diolah.

3.      Index

      Verbal (vokal non verbal)

Dengan mendengar bunyi gong dan gendang yang sakral (Teng-Teng-Tung) seseorang bisa mengetahui bahwa pada saat itu ada upacara pelepasan telur maleo (Tumpe’).

      Non Verbal

Mengirim telur kepada raja Banggai menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara kerajaan yang ada di Banggai dengan masyarakat suku Saluan. Dalam hal ini kita bisa melihat bahwa ada unsur politik yaitu hubunga antara atasan dan bawahan. Sebagai bawahan, suku Saluan mangirimkan telur kepada raja Banggai.

Saluan Culture

Tumpe’ Ritual in Graduation Ceremony of Maleo Bird

      Description

            Tumpe’ is one of the rituals of the Saluanene ethnic group (Batui subdistric, Luwuk regency, Central Sulawesi) that is marked with the instruments (gong and gendang) producing special sound (Teng-teng-tung) and followed by some dancers. This is a sacral ritual for Saluanese because it just held in certain ceremonies, such as graduation ceremony of Maleo bird, marriage ceremony of nobilities, dedication ceremony, and the other ceremonies. But, in this occasion, I would like to focus this study on the graduation ceremony of Maleo Bird.

            Graduation ceremony of Maleo Bird is the tradition of Saluan people. The gist of this ceremony is to send maleo egg to their king who is in Banggai by drifting a small raft which contains some maleo eggs. This ceremony held when Saluan people harvested maleo eggs. They will not eat the egg before sending it to the king. It forms a loyalty to the higher; there was a connection between Saluan people and the Banggai Empire in the past. In this case, Banggai Empire supervises the saluan people. The ceremony is usually held in the afternoon and the eggs will be escaped at that time, and then the escort group will follow it in the evening. Before the eggs discharging, the leader of ceremony says a preyer (mantra). Three days later the eggs will arrive preceding in Banggai.

            Graduation ceremony of maleo bird is escorted by Tumpe’. Tumpe’ is marked with the instruments (gong and gendang) and followed by some male dancers in pairs who intercept each other and some female dancer who are dancing. Gong and gendang are a kind of instrument that has round shape. Gong is made of brass; it produced sound ‘Tung’, while gendang is made of cow skin and produced sound ‘Teng’. If gong and gendang are played together produced sound ‘Teng-teng-tung’.

The Tumpe’ bearer (dancer, gong and gendang bearer) and the escorts hold parade from the subdistrict office to the place of discharge of maleo egg (Tanjung). The male dancers wear red shirt (Pakean Nu’moane), black trousers (Koja), and red hat (Sungkup Nu’ubak). While the female dancers wears pink shirt (Pakean Nu’boune), pink skirt (Rok Mahantan), and black belt. The female dancers also use some jewelry, such as Potto (bracelet), Kalong (necklace), sunting (earring), and Salandoeng (shoulder belt).

When gong and gendang are played, mean that the ceremony began. Male dancers intercept each other; they are doing a resistance movement that shows a war situation. Besides that, the movement can also show hunting situation. One of them holds Sosonduk (lance) in right hand and Bajak (machete) in the left hand. While the other use Kanta (hat defense). The female dancer sit cross-legged and putting their hand on the thigh while twisting their palm in rhythm with the sound that is produced by gong and gendang.

      Symbol

      Verbal

The prayer (mantra) that is said by the leader of ceremony before sending or discharging the egg, becomes a symbol at that time the egg is ready to be discharged.

      Non Verbal

The red shirt and hat that is used by the male dancers is a symbol of courage. While black trousers is a symbol of loyalty and eternity.

      Icon

     Vocal non Verbal

Teng-teng-tung is imitation sound that is produced by gong and gendang.

     Non Verbal

Lance, machete and the movement of the male dancer can be an icon that shows an ethnic war situation or resistance to the enemy while hunting.

      Index

      Vocal non verbal

When people heard a sacral sound (teng-tng-tung), they can know that at that time there is a graduation ceremony of maleo bird (Tumpe’)

      Non verbal

Sending eggs to the king in Banggai shows that there is a relation between the King in Banggai and Saluan people. In this case

Langue vs Parole

Dichotomy between langue and parole

-          Langue:

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) had his own concept of language that distinguished between langue and parole. Langue is the whole system of sign which is a product and convention of society and functioning as communication tool among its member of society. It is abstract because its system of language is in the mind of speaker in a certain social group. The object of linguistics is none other than langue. It can be said that langue is language system shared by a community of speakers. It is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty.

The abstract langue is an entity existing outside the individual’s mind in a community, called social fact. It can be defined social facts as “ideas (representations) in the ‘collective mind’ of a society”. It is known by every member of a community, and acted on, but they are not consciously known, they are not explicit knowledge. This notion can equally be used for language, which is valid in one community, used by the community’s members, but is not explicitly known or written down in its entirety.

-          Parole:

Differs from langue, parole is wider than langue because it is a concrete realization of the abstract langue. Parole is seen as the actual use of language, e.g. an actual speech act, whereas if we want to study langue we have to look at parole because it is the concrete realization of the abstract langue which is not a physical phenomenon. Language has many variations and used by different kinds of people; men, woman, young, old, farmer, student etc, for the different purpose. Therefore, the manifestation or the use is actually different among them, it is known as parole. They may have a same language but they have their own style or way in utter it.

Parole is the individual component, the activity of speech which belongs to the speaker. The evidence of stylistic choice is to be found in parole, language is not to be found in an individual`s speech it is to be found in all collectivity instead, we cannot describe language if we do not know any speaker`s language as language is differently known by speakers.

2.      Konsep-konsep budaya yang terdapat dalam komponen langue and parole

-          Langue                       :

a.       Culture as distinct from nature: in this case language is that something learned, transmitted, passed down from one generation to the next. It can be said as langue because language is seen as repetitive pattern that has its own rules.

b.      Culture as knowledge: If we talk about culture it closely relates to knowledge of the world and the society itself. It is because culture is a part of life that is created by the human society by studying. It includes their ability to identify objects, places, people, and also ideas or the ways of thinking this world. In the cultural view, language becomes a set of propositions about what the society knows

-          Parole :

a.      Culture as communication                     : In daily life, we find that culture as communication through social actors. Because of culture is the product of society in certain area, so it becomes a tool to connect them with the others, then the communication can be applied.

b.      Culture as a system of mediation           : it seems that culture is a mediating activity between people and the world they inhibit. The instrumental view of language implies the theory of language allows us to conceptualize and reflect upon events while giving us the means to exchange ideas with others.

c.       Culture as a system of practices : culture is a habitual activity that undergone by people in their daily life. This habitual is already shared in the community.

d.      Culture as a system of participation      : language is used in the real world because to speak a language means to be able to participate in interactions with a world that is always larger than individual speaker.

e.       Predicting and interpreting                    : it seems that by culture or language that used by the speaker we can predict human behavior and also we can interpret his utterance.

3.      Kerangka teori yang digunakan dalam menyelesaikan dichotomy antara langue and parole.

Speech is meaningful social behavior. It is language that speaks of the function of sign, their modes of signification, distinguishing from among the types of sign functions shifter or indexes. The meaning of this functional sign mode always involves some aspect of the context in which the sign occurs. To say of social behavior that it is meaningful implies necessarily that it is communicative, that the behavior is a complex of sign that signal, or stand for, something in some respect. Such behavioral signs are significant to some persons, participants in a communicative event, and such behavior is purposive, that is, goal oriented in the sense of accomplishing certain ends of communication. In general, we can say that people are constituted as a society with a certain culture to the extent that they share the same means of social communication.

Language as a system of communication has the same characteristics as the rest of culture. So in order to distinguish analytic subparts of culture, such a language, we have traditionally distinguished among types of communicative events on the basis of the signaling medium. In the case of language, the signaling medium is articulate speech, and events can be isolated on this basis.

Speech Events: the speech event takes place with the participants in given positions and over a certain span of time. The roles of speaker and hearer may be taken by different individuals during the course of such an events. The simplest speech events would be those which themselves constituted the entire goal-directed social behavior.

Semantics and Linguistic Analysis: semantic is the study of the meaning of the linguistic sign. It is the study of pure referential meaning, embodied in propositions coded by speech. This property of speech, abstract reference or description, can be called semanticity. All grammatical analysis of the traditional sort depends on this semanticity.

Metasemantic : metasemantic speech events are the basis of all grammatical analysis and description. It is a natural occurrence in every day speech, a culturally glossing words for children by using grammatically complex but semantically equivalent expressions. The property of language that makes semantic analysis possible is the one that is unique to language and upon which rests the speech function of pure reference. It makes language unique among all the cultural codes for social communication